The Benevolent Sky Deity in Tengrism
Ülgen is one of the most significant deities in Tengrism, the ancient spiritual belief system of the Turkic peoples. He is often regarded as a creator god, a deity of light, goodness, and abundance, standing in contrast to Erlik Han, the ruler of the underworld. As the god of the upper world, Ülgen plays a crucial role in shaping the cosmos, maintaining balance, and granting prosperity to humanity.
Ülgen in Tengrist Cosmology
In Tengrist cosmology, the universe is divided into three realms:
- The Upper World – The realm of Tengri (the eternal sky) and celestial beings, ruled by Ülgen.
- The Middle World – The world of humans and nature.
- The Underworld (Tamag) – The domain of Erlik Han, the god of darkness and death.
Ülgen resides in the Upper World, where he governs celestial forces, ensures harmony, and protects the souls of the righteous. He is associated with the sun, sky, weather, and prosperity and is seen as a generous, life-giving deity.
The Role of Ülgen in Creation
According to Tengrism creation myths, Ülgen played a major role in the formation of the world. Some versions state that he was created by Tengri, the supreme sky deity, and was given the power to shape the world. He is said to have created the land, mountains, rivers, and animals, making the world habitable for humans.
One famous legend tells of Ülgen’s battle with Erlik Han during creation. While Ülgen sought to build a world of balance and prosperity, Erlik Han introduced death, suffering, and deception. Their conflict represents the eternal struggle between good and evil, light and darkness.
Attributes and Symbols of Ülgen
Ülgen is depicted as a mighty celestial figure with the following attributes:
- A long golden beard – Symbolizing wisdom and divine authority.
- A radiant appearance – Representing his connection to the sun and light.
- Riding a white horse – Indicating his role as a divine protector and leader.
- A bow and arrows – Signifying his power to control the elements and enforce justice.
- Soaring above nine celestial levels – Illustrating his supremacy over the heavens.
Ülgen’s Helpers: The Burkhan Spirits
Ülgen is often assisted by benevolent spirits, called the Burkhans, who act as messengers between him and humanity. These celestial beings help maintain order in the cosmos and serve as protectors of nature and righteous people.
Kams and Worship of Ülgen
In Tengrism, shamans (Kams) played an essential role in communicating with deities like Ülgen. Shamans sought his blessing for good harvests, protection from disasters, and guidance in spiritual matters. Worship rituals included:
- Animal sacrifices (such as white horses, symbolizing purity and connection to Ülgen).
- Skyward prayers and offerings directed to the heavens.
- Seasonal festivals celebrating abundance and renewal.
Ülgen in Modern Tengrism
Though Tengrism declined with the rise of Islam, Buddhism, and Christianity among Turkic and Mongolic peoples, Ülgen’s legacy remains strong in folklore, traditions, and modern spiritual revivals of Tengrism. He is often viewed as a symbol of goodness, prosperity, and divine justice.
Modern Tengrists revere Ülgen as a guiding force for maintaining harmony between humans and nature. His role as a creator and protector continues to inspire those who seek to reconnect with ancient spiritual traditions.
Conclusion
Ülgen is a powerful and benevolent deity in Tengrism, embodying creation, light, and prosperity. As the ruler of the Upper World, he ensures balance in the cosmos, rewards the righteous, and counters the darkness of Erlik Han. His mythology highlights the duality of existence, emphasizing the importance of harmony between celestial and earthly realms.
The worship of Ülgen reflects the deep spiritual connection between the Turkic peoples and the natural world, reminding us of the enduring influence of Tengrism in shaping their cultural identity.
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