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The Sacred Guardian Spirits of the Turkic World

Introduction

In Tengrism, the spiritual belief system of the Turkic peoples, the universe is understood as a dynamic balance between humans, nature, and divine energies. Central to this belief is the concept of İye—sacred guardian spirits or protective entities that oversee different aspects of life and nature.

Unlike monotheistic gods, an İye is not an all-powerful deity but rather a spiritual force responsible for guarding, guiding, and maintaining harmony in the world. These spirits exist in animals, mountains, rivers, trees, ancestors, and even households, influencing both the physical and spiritual realms.

What is an İye?

The word “İye” (also spelled Ee, Ezi, or Eye in different Turkic languages) translates to “guardian,” “owner,” or “protector.” Every element of nature, from the mighty mountains to the smallest springs, is believed to have its own İye, ensuring the balance of the natural world.

1. Characteristics of İye

• Spiritually Connected: İye are neither fully divine nor human but exist between worlds.
• Protectors and Punishers: They reward those who respect nature and punish those who disturb harmony.
• Ancestral Connection: Some İye are believed to be the spirits of ancestors, continuing to protect their descendants.
• Mediators Between Realms: İye act as messengers between Tengri (the celestial force) and the human world.

Types of İye in Turkic Beliefs

1. Nature İye (Guardian Spirits of Nature)

These İye protect natural elements and must be respected to maintain harmony.

• Yer-Su İye (Earth and Water Spirits) – Protectors of rivers, lakes, and land, ensuring fertility and abundance.
• Dağ İye (Mountain Spirit) – Guardian of mountains, ensuring that climbers respect sacred peaks.
• Ağaç İye (Tree Spirit) – Protects sacred trees and punishes those who cut them without permission.
• Orman İye (Forest Spirit) – The protector of wildlife and hunters, ensuring they take only what they need.

2. Household İye (Protectors of Families and Homes)

Every family or home is believed to have its own İye, ensuring safety and prosperity.

• Ot İye (Hearth Spirit) – Protects the household hearth and family unity.
• Baba İye (Ancestor Spirit) – Spirits of family ancestors who guide and protect their descendants.
• Ev İye (House Spirit) – A spirit that guards the home and ensures good fortune.

3. Personal İye (Spiritual Guides and Protectors of Individuals)

Certain İye are believed to protect and guide individuals, especially shamans (Kam) and warriors.

• Körmös İye – A spiritual guardian who guides people through dreams.
• Töre İye – Protects the moral and ethical order, ensuring justice.
• Kök Börü İye (Sacred Wolf Spirit) – Guardian of warriors and protectors of the Turkic peoples.

4. Divine İye (Higher Spiritual Guardians)

Some İye are considered higher cosmic forces, deeply connected to Tengri (Heaven) and the balance of the universe.

• Umay Ana – The İye of motherhood, fertility, and protection of children.
• Erlik Han – The İye of the underworld and the judge of souls.
• Ülgen – A benevolent İye of creation and goodness, helping balance the cosmic forces.

İye in Daily Life and Rituals

1. Respecting İye Through Traditions

To maintain harmony with İye, Turkic peoples practice various rituals, including:

• Offering Sacrifices – Pouring milk or leaving food at sacred sites to appease an İye.
• Tying Cloth to Trees – A common practice to seek blessings from nature İye.
• Speaking Words of Respect – Many believe that disrespecting an İye can bring bad luck.

2. The Role of Shamans (Kam) in İye Worship

Shamans (Kam) serve as intermediaries between humans and İye. They:

• Call upon İye for healing, protection, and guidance.
• Perform ceremonies to maintain balance with nature and spirits.
• Interpret dreams and omens sent by İye.

Conclusion: The Lasting Presence of İye in Turkic Spirituality

Even as Tengrism declined with the spread of Islam, Buddhism, and Christianity, the belief in İye never fully disappeared. Today, traces of İye worship remain in:

• Folk traditions and superstitions (protective amulets, tree offerings).
• Modern Neo-Tengrist movements seeking to revive ancestral spirituality.
• Everyday language, where terms related to İye still exist in Turkic cultures.

The concept of İye reflects the deep spiritual connection between the Turkic peoples and the natural world. Rather than viewing the universe as ruled by a singular god, Tengrism sees life as a harmonious balance of spiritual forces—and the İye remain eternal guardians of that balance.

In the heart of ancient traditions, shamanic (Kam) rituals offer a profound connection to the natural world and the unseen realms of spirit. Practiced by Turkic cultures across the globe, these sacred ceremonies are led by Kams—spiritual guides who bridge the physical and metaphysical through rhythmic drumming, chanting, and offerings to the elements. Rooted in reverence for nature, Kam rituals aim to heal, restore balance, and seek wisdom from ancestral spirits or deities. As modern seekers rediscover these practices, they find a timeless pathway to inner transformation and harmony with the universe.

1. Sunrise Invocation & Earth Offering

Purpose: Begin the day in alignment with nature’s wisdom.
How to Practice:

• Find a quiet outdoor spot facing the rising sun.
• Light a candle or burn sacred herbs (sage, palo santo, or cedar).
• Offer a small gift to the earth (seeds, water, or flowers).
• Say a simple invocation:
  “I welcome this day with gratitude and clarity. May the sun’s wisdom guide me, the earth’s strength ground me, and the winds of change carry my purpose forward.”
• Breathe deeply, absorbing the energy of the sunrise.

Incorporation into Tribe of One:

• Share sunrise meditation prompts or guided audio.
• Create a ritual kit with herbs, candles, and instructions.

2. Tree Connection Ritual

Purpose: Grounding, stability, and receiving guidance from nature.
How to Practice:

• Find a tree that calls to you.
• Place both hands on the bark and close your eyes.
• Breathe in deeply, imagining roots growing from your feet into the earth.
• Ask the tree for wisdom (mentally or aloud).
• Sit or stand in silence, receiving messages or sensations.
• When done, thank the tree and leave an offering (a piece of fruit, water, or a heartfelt word of gratitude).

3. Full Moon Releasing Ritual

Purpose: Letting go of limiting beliefs, emotional burdens, or negative patterns.
How to Practice:

• On the night of a full moon, go outside with a small fireproof bowl, paper, and pen.
• Write down anything you want to release.
• Light a candle and read your list aloud, affirming:
  “With the light of the full moon, I release what no longer serves me. I trust the universe to guide my path.”
• Burn the paper safely, visualizing the burdens dissolving.
• Close with deep breaths and gratitude.

4. Spirit Walk with Animal Messengers

Purpose: Receive guidance from nature’s creatures.
How to Practice:

• Walk in nature without a destination, allowing instinct to guide you.
• Pay attention to any animals or insects you see.
• Reflect on their symbolic meanings (e.g., hawk = vision, deer = gentleness).
• Ask inwardly, “What message do you have for me?”
• Journal about any insights.

5. Sacred Sound & Drumming Ritual

Purpose: Altering consciousness, healing, and deep meditation.
How to Practice:

• Sit in a quiet place, preferably outdoors.
• Use a drum, rattle, or even clap your hands rhythmically.
• Close your eyes and allow the repetitive beats to shift your awareness.
• Visualize entering a sacred space, meeting a spirit guide, or receiving healing energy.
• Afterward, take notes on any insights or visions.

The Sacred Tree and Guardian of Fate in Tengrism

Introduction

Ulukayin is one of the most enigmatic and revered figures in Tengrism, the ancient belief system of the Turkic peoples. Often associated with the cosmic tree, fate, wisdom, and the connection between realms, Ulukayin plays a crucial role in Tengrist cosmology. While many Tengrist deities represent tangible elements such as the sky (Tengri) or the underworld (Erlik Han), Ulukayin represents the unseen forces that govern destiny, balance, and spiritual enlightenment.

This article explores the origins, symbolism, and significance of Ulukayin in Tengrism, shedding light on its role as a cosmic guardian and spiritual guide in the ancient faith.

The Origins of Ulukayin in Tengrism

The concept of Ulukayin is deeply rooted in the kam and animistic traditions of Tengrism. Unlike figures such as Ülgen or Erlik Han, Ulukayin is often seen as an abstract entity rather than a personified deity. Some interpretations describe Ulukayin as a sacred tree that connects the three realms of existence, while others depict it as a spiritual force that governs fate and wisdom.

In many ancient Turkic myths, the world is structured around a great tree that stands at the center of the universe. This tree, often identified as Ulukayin, serves as a bridge between the heavens, the earth, and the underworld. It is believed that the souls of the dead travel through the branches of this tree, ascending to the sky or descending to the underworld based on their deeds in life.

Symbolism and Meaning of Ulukayin

Ulukayin holds immense symbolic importance in Tengrism traditions. Its meaning can be understood through several key themes:

1. The Cosmic Tree and Axis Mundi

In many ancient Turkic belief systems, the world tree is the central pillar of existence, often referred to as Baiterek or Ulukayin. This tree stands at the center of the universe and supports the heavens while connecting all realms of existence. The tree’s roots extend into the underworld, its trunk represents the material world, and its branches reach into the celestial realm.

This concept of the world tree is similar to other mythological traditions, such as the Yggdrasil of Norse mythology or the Tree of Life in various other cultures.

2. Fate and Destiny

Ulukayin is not just a physical entity but also represents the unseen forces that guide fate. In Tengrist tradition, it is believed that every soul is connected to the cosmic tree, and its branches represent different possible paths in life. Shamans, known as Kams, often sought visions of Ulukayin to understand the destinies of individuals and communities.

Ulukayin is thus regarded as the keeper of knowledge, the guardian of fate, and the bridge between mortals and the divine.

3. Shamanic Journey and Spiritual Connection

Kams play a crucial role in Tengrism, acting as intermediaries between the physical and spiritual realms. During their trance-like journeys, shamans often visualize climbing the great tree to reach the heavens, where they seek guidance from Tengri or the spirits of ancestors.

It is said that only the most powerful shamans can reach the highest branches of Ulukayin, where they can gain insight into the secrets of the universe and the destinies of people.

4. The Feminine Aspect of Ulukayin

In some interpretations, Ulukayin is considered a feminine deity or spirit, representing wisdom, nurturing, and protection. She is seen as the guardian of nature and fertility, watching over forests, animals, and human life. This aligns with the widespread shamanic belief in a motherly spirit that nurtures the world and guides souls.

Ulukayin in Turkic Folklore

Though Ulukayin is not as widely personified as deities like Ülgen or Erlik Han, she appears in various folk tales and oral traditions among Turkic peoples. Some common themes include:

1. The Visionary Tree of the Ancestors

In some legends, Ulukayin is described as a tree of prophecy that grants visions to those who meditate under its branches. Kams and sages would seek enlightenment by spending nights in the wilderness, hoping to receive wisdom from the spirits of the tree.

2. The Bridge Between Worlds

Many myths describe Ulukayin as a literal bridge between life and death. It is said that when a person dies, their soul must climb the tree to reach the heavens or descend into the underworld. The journey depends on one’s moral actions during life, reinforcing the Tengrist belief in balance and justice.

3. The Guardian of the Sacred Animals

In some traditions, Ulukayin is associated with sacred animals, particularly the wolf, eagle, and deer, which are seen as messengers between the spiritual and material realms. These animals are believed to be sent by Ulukayin to guide kams and warriors on their path.

Worship and Rituals Associated with Ulukayin

While Tengrism does not involve elaborate temples or priesthoods like many organized religions, the reverence of Ulukayin is deeply embedded in kam practices and natural rituals.

1. Kam Climbing Rituals

Kams often performed rituals that symbolically mimicked climbing Ulukayin, using ladders, ropes, or tree branches to represent their spiritual ascent. These ceremonies were believed to help them communicate with spirits, seek guidance, or heal the sick.

2. Offerings to the Sacred Tree

Certain trees were considered manifestations of Ulukayin and were treated with great reverence. Offerings of milk, grains, and fabric strips were tied to these trees as a sign of respect and gratitude.

3. Night of the Ancestors

Some tribes held an annual ceremony dedicated to Ulukayin, during which they gathered around ancient trees to honor their ancestors and seek blessings for the coming year.

Ulukayin’s Influence in Modern Tengrism

As interest in Tengrism is being revived among Turkic peoples, Ulukayin continues to be an important symbol of spiritual guidance and ecological balance. Some modern practitioners see Ulukayin as a representation of environmental consciousness, emphasizing the connection between humans and nature.

The sacred tree motif still appears in Central Asian art, literature, and folklore, reminding people of the spiritual heritage that has shaped their cultures.

Conclusion

Ulukayin is a profound and mysterious figure in Tengrism, embodying the sacred tree of life, destiny, wisdom, and the connection between realms. As the bridge between the material and spiritual worlds, Ulukayin plays a crucial role in guiding kams, preserving balance, and linking the fates of all beings.

Although Tengrism has evolved over centuries, Ulukayin remains a powerful symbol of cosmic order, enlightenment, and the eternal relationship between humans and the divine. Whether seen as a great world tree, a mystical force, or a wise feminine spirit, Ulukayin continues to inspire those who seek to understand the ancient wisdom of their ancestors.

Final Thoughts

Ulukayin’s story reminds us that life is a journey, deeply intertwined with fate, nature, and the unseen forces of the universe. By understanding this ancient belief, we gain insight into the spiritual depth of the Turkic peoples, and the enduring legacy of Tengrism in shaping their worldview.

The Benevolent Sky Deity in Tengrism

Ülgen is one of the most significant deities in Tengrism, the ancient spiritual belief system of the Turkic peoples. He is often regarded as a creator god, a deity of light, goodness, and abundance, standing in contrast to Erlik Han, the ruler of the underworld. As the god of the upper world, Ülgen plays a crucial role in shaping the cosmos, maintaining balance, and granting prosperity to humanity.

Ülgen in Tengrist Cosmology

In Tengrist cosmology, the universe is divided into three realms:

1. The Upper World – The realm of Tengri (the eternal sky) and celestial beings, ruled by Ülgen.
2. The Middle World – The world of humans and nature.
3. The Underworld (Tamag) – The domain of Erlik Han, the god of darkness and death.

Ülgen resides in the Upper World, where he governs celestial forces, ensures harmony, and protects the souls of the righteous. He is associated with the sun, sky, weather, and prosperity and is seen as a generous, life-giving deity.

The Role of Ülgen in Creation

According to Tengrism creation myths, Ülgen played a major role in the formation of the world. Some versions state that he was created by Tengri, the supreme sky deity, and was given the power to shape the world. He is said to have created the land, mountains, rivers, and animals, making the world habitable for humans.

One famous legend tells of Ülgen’s battle with Erlik Han during creation. While Ülgen sought to build a world of balance and prosperity, Erlik Han introduced death, suffering, and deception. Their conflict represents the eternal struggle between good and evil, light and darkness.

Attributes and Symbols of Ülgen

Ülgen is depicted as a mighty celestial figure with the following attributes:

• A long golden beard – Symbolizing wisdom and divine authority.
• A radiant appearance – Representing his connection to the sun and light.
• Riding a white horse – Indicating his role as a divine protector and leader.
• A bow and arrows – Signifying his power to control the elements and enforce justice.
• Soaring above nine celestial levels – Illustrating his supremacy over the heavens.

Ülgen’s Helpers: The Burkhan Spirits

Ülgen is often assisted by benevolent spirits, called the Burkhans, who act as messengers between him and humanity. These celestial beings help maintain order in the cosmos and serve as protectors of nature and righteous people.

Kams and Worship of Ülgen

In Tengrism, shamans (Kams) played an essential role in communicating with deities like Ülgen. Shamans sought his blessing for good harvests, protection from disasters, and guidance in spiritual matters. Worship rituals included:

• Animal sacrifices (such as white horses, symbolizing purity and connection to Ülgen).
• Skyward prayers and offerings directed to the heavens.
• Seasonal festivals celebrating abundance and renewal.

Ülgen in Modern Tengrism

Though Tengrism declined with the rise of Islam, Buddhism, and Christianity among Turkic and Mongolic peoples, Ülgen’s legacy remains strong in folklore, traditions, and modern spiritual revivals of Tengrism. He is often viewed as a symbol of goodness, prosperity, and divine justice.

Modern Tengrists revere Ülgen as a guiding force for maintaining harmony between humans and nature. His role as a creator and protector continues to inspire those who seek to reconnect with ancient spiritual traditions.

Conclusion

Ülgen is a powerful and benevolent deity in Tengrism, embodying creation, light, and prosperity. As the ruler of the Upper World, he ensures balance in the cosmos, rewards the righteous, and counters the darkness of Erlik Han. His mythology highlights the duality of existence, emphasizing the importance of harmony between celestial and earthly realms.

The worship of Ülgen reflects the deep spiritual connection between the Turkic peoples and the natural world, reminding us of the enduring influence of Tengrism in shaping their cultural identity.